For centuries, societies have divided humanity into different “races” based on skin color, facial features, and other physical traits. However, both science and the Bible confirm that there is only one human race, and that racial divisions are artificial constructs created by societies, not biological realities.
The concept of race, as it is understood today, is a relatively modern idea. Ancient cultures primarily identified people by nation, language, or tribe, not by skin color or physical characteristics. The division of humanity into racial categories arose in later centuries, particularly during the Age of Exploration, the Transatlantic Slave Trade, and European colonialism, as a way to justify social hierarchies and inequalities. These divisions were not based on biblical teaching or scientific reality but were constructed to classify, separate, and control people groups for economic and political gain.
In this article, we will explore the biblical, scientific, and historical evidence that supports the truth: all humans are part of the same family, with differences being only ethnic and cultural—not racial.
1. The Biblical Perspective: One Blood, One Race
A. All Humans Descend from Adam and Eve
The Bible teaches that all people, regardless of their ethnic background, originate from one man and one woman—Adam and Eve. This means that all humans are part of a single, unified family, and there is no scriptural foundation for racial divisions.
Genesis 1:26-27 (God Creates Humanity in His Image)
“Then God said, ‘Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth.’ So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them.”
This passage is foundational for understanding human unity. Every human being bears God’s image, meaning that no ethnic group is superior or inferior. When we are told that humans are created in the image of God, it establishes that all people have inherent dignity and worth, regardless of skin color or other physical traits. This truth was radical in ancient times, as many societies at that time viewed their own people as superior to others based on ethnicity or physical characteristics. But the Bible’s declaration that all humans reflect God’s image shatters such ideas of superiority or inferiority.
Genesis 3:20 (Eve, the Mother of All Living)
“And Adam called his wife’s name Eve, because she was the mother of all living.”
This verse reinforces the concept of one human family. All of humanity, regardless of ethnic background or physical differences, can trace its origins to Adam and Eve. There is no basis in the Bible for seeing different ethnic groups as separate “races” with inherent differences. Rather, they are branches of one family tree.
B. The Table of Nations and the Spread of Ethnic Groups
After Noah’s flood, humanity repopulated through Noah’s three sons: Shem, Ham, and Japheth (Genesis 10). These descendants spread across the earth, and it is often said that the groups of people who came from these sons are the ancestors of modern nations. Some traditions suggest:
- Shem’s descendants became the Middle Eastern and Semitic peoples (Jews, Arabs, Assyrians).
- Ham’s descendants spread to parts of Africa and the Middle East.
- Japheth’s descendants migrated to Europe and parts of Asia.
But it’s important to note that the Bible never says that these sons became different races—only that they populated different regions and developed unique cultures and languages. The differences we see today are the result of geographic migration, adaptation to climates, and cultural development—not separate racial origins. As people moved to different parts of the world, they adapted to their environments, which led to variations like skin color, hair texture, and other physical traits. These are ethnic distinctions—not separate races.
C. Acts 17:26 – One Blood, All Nations
Acts 17:26
“And He has made from one blood every nation of men to dwell on all the face of the earth, and has determined their preappointed times and the boundaries of their dwellings.”
In this passage, Paul is addressing the Athenians and emphasizing that God created one common ancestor for all human beings, and from that one blood came all the nations of the earth. The term “one blood” is incredibly significant—all humans share the same basic genetic makeup, regardless of their geographic location or ethnic group. There is no biblical support for the notion of multiple races. Instead, humanity is unified by a common origin and ancestry.
D. The Curse of Ham: A Misused Doctrine
One of the most harmful misinterpretations of the Bible concerning race involves the curse of Ham. Some have claimed that the curse placed on Ham’s son, Canaan, means that the descendants of Ham, particularly African people, are cursed with dark skin. This interpretation is wrong and has been used to justify slavery and racism, but the Bible does not say this.
Genesis 9:25-27
“Then he said: ‘Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants He shall be to his brethren.’ And he said: ‘Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem, and may Canaan be his servant. May God enlarge Japheth, and may he dwell in the tents of Shem; and may Canaan be his servant.’”
- The curse was on Canaan, not on all of Ham’s descendants.
- There is no mention of skin color or race in this passage. The curse refers to the subjugation of the Canaanite people (not a specific “race”) and was fulfilled in historical events, such as the Israelites conquering the Canaanite lands.
- Misinterpreting this curse as relating to race has caused much harm throughout history, especially in justifying slavery and apartheid. The Bible never links skin color with sin or curse, and using it to justify racism is both biblically and historically inaccurate.
2. The Scientific Perspective: Genetics Proves One Human Race
A. The Human Genome Project: 99.9% Identical DNA
One of the most profound scientific studies, the Human Genome Project, concluded that all humans share 99.9% of their DNA. The differences we observe—skin color, facial features, and other genetic variations—are part of that small 0.1%. These minor differences do not justify separating humans into different “races.”
Dr. J. Craig Venter (Human Genome Project Scientist)
“Race has no genetic or scientific basis.”
This statement reflects the findings of the project. Genetic research shows that race is a social construct with no basis in our biology. Human genetic variation exists, but it does not divide neatly into the categories that traditional concepts of race have proposed.
Why Do People Look Different?
The physical differences we see today, such as skin color, are the result of adaptation to environmental factors over time, not the result of fundamentally different races.
- People in hot, sunny climates (such as in Africa and parts of Southeast Asia) developed darker skin to protect themselves from the harmful effects of UV radiation.
- People in colder, less sunny regions (like Europe and northern Asia) developed lighter skin to better absorb sunlight for Vitamin D synthesis.
These adaptations occurred over many generations and in response to environmental pressures, not because different “races” were created. The differences are ethnic and environmental rather than racial.
B. Anthropology: No Biological Race Categories
Scientists agree that humans are all one species, Homo sapiens, with variations in traits that result from both genetic adaptation and cultural evolution. Modern anthropology no longer classifies humans into “races” but instead focuses on ethnic and cultural diversity, acknowledging that the idea of race is a social construct, not a biological reality.
Dr. John H. Relethford (Biological Anthropologist)
“The idea of race is a cultural, not a biological, reality.”
This means that while there are ethnic groups with distinct cultural, linguistic, and physical traits, these groups do not correspond to separate biological races. Humans share a common ancestry, and what we identify as different “races” are merely groups of people with different ethnic backgrounds and adaptations.
3. The Historical Perspective: The Invention of Race
A. Ancient Civilizations Saw Ethnic Differences, Not Races
In ancient times, people identified themselves by nation, tribe, and language, not by physical characteristics like skin color. For instance, the Hebrews (in the Bible) referred to their neighbors by their nationality (Egyptians, Canaanites, etc.), and these distinctions were based on cultural identity, not race. The concept of “race” did not exist in the ancient world in the way we think of it today.
B. The Creation of Racial Categories
1, The Age of Exploration (1400s–1700s): As European explorers began to travel and make contact with different parts of the world, they started classifying people based on observable physical differences, such as skin color, hair texture, and facial features. This process led to the creation of the idea of “races”—distinct categories of people based on these differences. The colonization of Africa, the Americas, and parts of Asia further solidified these classifications as European colonizers often justified their domination over indigenous peoples through the supposed inferiority of non-European “races.”
2.The Scientific Racism Movement (1700s–1800s): During the 18th and 19th centuries, scientists like Carl Linnaeus and Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon began to attempt categorizing humans into different “races.” Linnaeus, for example, divided humans into four races based on geographic location and physical traits: Europeans (white), Asians (yellow), Africans (black), and Native Americans (red). This artificial classification system laid the groundwork for later racist ideologies, including the belief in the inherent superiority of white Europeans and the inferiority of other races.
3. The 20th Century and the Rise of Modern Genetics: As science advanced, especially in the fields of genetics and anthropology, it became increasingly clear that the concept of race had no biological basis. By the mid-20th century, the Human Genome Project revealed that all humans are overwhelmingly similar in their genetic makeup, debunking the notion of separate biological races. Modern anthropologists and geneticists now emphasize cultural, linguistic, and ethnic differences rather than racial distinctions.
4. The Abolition of Racial Classifications in Scientific Communities: By the late 20th century, many geneticists, biologists, and anthropologists rejected the concept of race as a scientific term, recognizing it as a social construct that perpetuates harmful stereotypes, inequality, and division among people.
4. Common Objections & Misconceptions: Addressing the Challenges to the Unity of Humanity
While the idea of one human race is increasingly recognized, misconceptions and objections persist. Here, we address some common arguments against the unity of humanity and explain why they are not biblically or scientifically accurate.
A. “The Bible talks about different races, so race must exist.”
One of the most common misconceptions is the belief that the Bible talks about separate races. As we have explored, the Bible uses terms like “nations,” “tribes,” “peoples,” and “languages” to describe the diversity of humanity, but never divides people into races. In fact, the New Testament makes it clear that God’s ultimate plan is to unite all people, regardless of ethnicity. In Revelation 7:9, we see a vision of the eternal kingdom where people from every tribe, tongue, and nation are worshiping together before the throne of God. This speaks to the unity of humanity, not its division into races.
Revelation 7:9
“After these things I looked, and behold, a great multitude which no one could number, of all nations, tribes, peoples, and tongues, standing before the throne and before the Lamb, clothed with white robes, with palm branches in their hands.”
This verse supports the idea that people from all ethnicities and backgrounds will be united in Christ, worshiping together as one people, transcending any earthly divisions. The biblical message is one of unity and reconciliation.
B. “If we’re all one race, why do people look different?”
This is a valid question, and the answer lies in genetics and environmental adaptation. As humans migrated from the Garden of Eden to different parts of the world, they faced varying climates, diets, and environmental factors. Over time, these factors led to differences in skin color, hair texture, body shape, and other physical traits as a result of natural selection. However, these differences do not constitute separate races—they are ethnic distinctions within the same human species.
For example, melanin is the pigment responsible for skin color. Populations that lived in areas with high UV radiation, like near the equator, developed darker skin to protect themselves from sun damage. Conversely, populations in areas with low UV radiation, like northern Europe, developed lighter skin to better absorb sunlight and produce vitamin D. These are adaptations to environment, not evidence of separate human races.
C. “But the curse of Canaan proves that some people are inferior.”
As already discussed, the curse of Ham has been misinterpreted for centuries. The curse was not on Ham or his descendants as a whole, but specifically on Canaan, the son of Ham. Furthermore, there is no mention of skin color or race in this passage. This curse was fulfilled in the conquest of the Canaanite people by the Israelites in the Old Testament and has no theological connection to modern racial distinctions.
Genesis 9:25-27
“Cursed be Canaan; a servant of servants He shall be to his brethren. And he said: ‘Blessed be the Lord, the God of Shem, and may Canaan be his servant. May God enlarge Japheth, and may he dwell in the tents of Shem; and may Canaan be his servant.'”
The Bible never associates the curse with any particular physical characteristic, and certainly not with skin color. Using this curse to justify racial prejudice or inferiority is a profound misinterpretation of Scripture.
5. Conclusion: The Unity of Humanity in God’s Eyes
The concept of race as we know it today is a relatively recent invention and has no basis in Scripture or biology. Both the Bible and modern science affirm that all humans are part of the same species, created in the image of God, with only cultural, ethnic, and environmental differences. From a biblical perspective, God created one humanity, and He desires the reconciliation of all people, regardless of their background or ethnicity. Racial distinctions—whether based on skin color, facial features, or other superficial traits—are artificial and should not be used to divide humanity.
In God’s kingdom, there is no room for racial superiority or inferiority, as all nations, tribes, and tongues will stand before Him in worship, united as one people. Our differences, rather than separating us, should be celebrated as part of God’s beautiful, diverse creation. It is our shared humanity, created by God, that binds us together and makes us one race: the human race.
6. Further Reading & References
Here are some resources for further study on the unity of humanity, the concept of race, and the biblical and scientific perspectives on human diversity:
Books:
- “One Blood: Parting Words to the Church on Race, Culture, and the Church” by Ken Ham
- “Is God a Racist?: The Bible and the Problem of Race” by William P. Brown
- “The Human Story: Our Evolution from Prehistoric Ancestors to Today” by Peter J. Ucko and Robert L. C. S. Smith
Articles:
- “The Myth of Race” by Dr. C. R. Wright – A detailed scientific exploration of race and ethnicity.
- “Race and the Bible” by Dr. Tony Evans – A biblical perspective on human unity.
Websites:
- Answers in Genesis (answersingenesis.org) – Offers in-depth articles and resources on race and the Bible.
- The Genetic Literacy Project (geneticliteracyproject.org) – Covers the science of genetics and debunks racial myths.
Bible Passages to Study:
- Genesis 1:26-27 – Humans are made in God’s image.
- Genesis 9:25-27 – The curse of Canaan and its misinterpretation.
- Acts 17:26 – We are all from one blood.
- Revelation 7:9 – Every tribe, tongue, and nation worshiping together.
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** Read Article: Made in God’s Image – A Radical Truth in a Confused World / Photo by Ann Tarazevich at Pexels
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